This article was originally published in the Florida Water 重用 Journal.
The process of desalination with membrane 技术 was first used to make potable drinking water from seawater in the 1960s. 从那时起, membrane treatment has benefited from several technological advances in membrane process 全球最大体育平台. These advances have made membrane treatment a more affordable 技术 for many water utilities. This is of great importance, as diminishing water supply resources and increased regulatory limitations are leaving water utilities with a diminishing number of alternatives.
As alternative technologies are pilot tested for potable reuse, which focuses on the treatment of wastewater and reclaimed water to drinking water quality standards, one 技术 that has continuously proven to produce high quality purified water is membranes. Although their cost from both a capital and operational standpoint has steered utilities to investigate other alternative technologies, their persistent trend in water reuse—in not only one, but in two technologies in the multiple-barrier treatment approach—proves that their resiliency for treatment of adverse water sources will continue to provide solutions for water utilities seeking alternative water supplies. This will only continue to increase the economic viability for membrane treatment as the demand for robust treatment increases.
Jennifer and James discuss three representative case studies displaying a variety of membrane technologies that have been applied in potable reuse demonstration studies in Florida and their performance against constantly varying reclaimed water quality. These membrane technologies include ultrafiltration, 反渗透, and nanofiltration membranes in a variety of different application types—submerged, 加压, gaseous hollow-fiber, 低压, and high pressure.
作者简介
詹妮弗Ribotti
詹妮弗Ribotti’s expertise includes drinking water treatment, potable reuse treatment, facility hydraulics, membrane treatment 技术, and pilot and demonstration 全球最大体育平台 and operation.
Her experience across the United States includes the planning, 全球最大体育平台, and construction administration of drinking water treatment facilities, with emphasis on membrane treatment technologies for drinking water and alternative water supplies, as well as chemical feed systems, transmission mains, water quality characterization and testing, wastewater lift stations, and gravity sewer systems. With a decade of expertise, she is an active member in the Southeast Desalinating Association, American Water Works Association, Water 环境 Association, 和Wate重用. Jennifer is a registered Professional Engineer in Florida.
James Christopher
James Christopher is Tetra Tech’s practice leader for water treatment and has more than four decades of experience in defining, 评估, and implementing solutions to the most challenging water quality problems.
His expertise includes water chemistry and water infrastructure 全球最大体育平台, with special emphasis in wastewater treatment; effluent reuse, 利用, and disposal; water resources; 反渗透 and nanofiltration; granular activated carbon; pumping system analysis and station 全球最大体育平台; facility planning; and construction administration. James is a registered Professional Engineer in Florida, Georgia, and Texas.